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There are several reasons why the check engine light might come on in your 2015 VW Passat TDI. The most common cause is a loose or damaged gas cap, which can be fixed by tightening or replacing it. Other potential triggers include bad spark plugs, spark plug wires, and ignition coils – with one plug and coil for each cylinder in your vehicle. A failed oxygen sensor is another frequent culprit, which measures unburnt oxygen in the exhaust system. Running with a failed sensor can cause damage to the catalytic converter and spark plugs if not addressed. Problems with the catalytic converter can also activate the light, representing one of the pricier repairs linked to the check engine light. Additional triggers may involve issues with the vacuum, hoses, battery, mass airflow sensor, aftermarket alarm, or exhaust gas recirculation valve.
I wasn't aware that TDI or diesel engines use spark plugs. My guess would be that it's related to a sensor or oxygen issue.
The check engine light could be illuminated in a 2015 VW Passat due to issues like faulty ignition coils, a malfunctioning thermostat, or a faulty/defective MAF sensor, among other things.
One of the simplest possibilities is a loose gas cap.